Black Discrimination

Prejudice, harassment or violence towards African Americans can be considered black discrimination.
Opportunities given to someone other than an African American because of race can be considered black discrimination.
Segregation of African Americans due to racial background can be considered black discrimination.

African Americans are the most segregated group in U.S. society. There are many ways to measure segregation. Blacks are also highly overrepresented in city public housing developments. One concern about this problem has to do with health issues. The infant mortality rate for blacks in America is one of the highest in the world, higher than any industrialized country, and higher even than some third world countries. Black children in the 1-4 age range have mortality rates twice that of white children. Black teenagers have mortality rates 10 times that of whites, and homicide is a leading cause of death. Black adults have a mortality rate 30 to 40% more than whites.

http://www.suppressedhistories.net/articles/racism_history.html

Freedom of Expression

Right to express one's ideas and opinions freely through speech, writing, and other forms of communication but without deliberately causing harm to others' character and/or reputation by false or misleading statements.

Freedom of speech is the concept of being able to speak freely without censorship. The right to freedom of speech is guaranteed under international law through numerous human rights instruments, notably under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights

http://www.derechos.org/human-rights/speech/

Article of Confederation 1-4

The Article of Confederations is a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states; it provided a legal symbol of their union by giving the central government no coercive power over the states or their citizens

Article I.The Stile of this confederacy shall be "The United States of America."


Article II.Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.


Article III.The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever.

Article IV. If any Person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, — or other high misdemeanor in any state, shall flee from Justice, and be found in any of the united states, he shall, upon demand of the Governor or executive power, of the state from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the state having jurisdiction of his offence.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation

Liberalism

Liberalism is a political philosophy that change is for the better, especially rational change toward rational ends, like the perfectibility of human nature and society. Liberalism is egalitarian both to people and to ideas. Evil is seen as arising out of ignorance and lack of information. Libertarianism is a philosophy of limited government and individualism which emphasizes if a thing is not harmful to another, then no authority should restrict it. Libertarian philosophy holds that it is not the business of anyone to tell another what they should believe or not believe. Both philosophies are behind the notion of a free marketplace of ideas.
The libertarian theory of the press is that information is knowledge, and knowledge is power. It enables people to realize their potential, and since news is about people making the news, the press reminds us that society has not grown to an entity of greater importance than the people comprising it. Whether or not we regard free press as a natural or inalienable right depends upon how much we assume that people desire to know the truth, and will be set free by it.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism

Right to a fair trial

This allows people to challenge decisions taken by a public authority whose procedures fail to satisfy Article 6. However, the whole process needs to be considered. If the original decision is taken by a public authority whose procedures do not satisfy Article 6, the requirement may nevertheless be met if that decision can be reviewed (in the form of an appeal on both facts and law) by a court or tribunal that does satisfy Article 6. If the conditions of Article 6 are met by the original decision, it is not necessary to provide for an appeal. But if they are not met by the original decision then an appeal process that does meet those conditions may be necessary to ensure that the whole process (taking into account the appeals processes) is compliant. The right to a court or tribunal is not absolute, but restrictions on it must not impair the essence of the right. For example, the system should not be set up in such a way as to prevent access to a court or tribunal, by creating inadequate time limits or not providing for the giving of notice of decisions. However, the European Court of Human Rights has accepted that some people can be restricted from bringing cases, ie prisoners, litigants who keep bringing cases without merit, bankrupts, minors, people who are not within a time-limit or limitation period for bringing a case and other people where there is a legitimate interest in restricting their rights of access to a court, provided that the limitation is not more restrictive than necessary.Access to a court might include access to the financial means to bring a case to court. Article 6 does not give an absolute right to legal aid in all civil cases where the person concerned cannot afford to bring proceedings. Legal aid in civil cases is only required by Article 6 where either the person cannot present the case themselves due to the complexity of the court proceedings and the law or where legal representation is compulsory. The right to a public hearing protects against the administration of justice in secret and without public scrutiny. It is possible in certain cases to dispense with an oral hearing (where the subject matter is of a particularly technical nature for example). It is also possible to exclude the public from the hearing (though not the judgement) where this can be justified. Judgement shall be pronounced publicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interests of public morals.

http://www.abanet.org/rol/publications/azerbaijan-handbook-right-fair-trial.pdf

important events of the Declaration of Indepence

June 7 - Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution urging Congress to declare independence from Great Britain.
June 11 - Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston were appointed to a committee to draft a declaration of independence.
June 28 - A fair copy of the committee draft of the Declaration of Independence was read in Congress.
July 1-4 - Congress debated and revised the Declaration of Independence.
July 2 - Congress declared independence by adopting the Lee Resolution.
July 4 - Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
July 19 - Congress ordered the Declaration of Independence engrossed (officially inscribed) and signed by members.
August 2 - The engrossed copy of the Declaration of Independence was signed by most of the delegates. Elbridge Gerry, Oliver Wolcott, Lewis Morris, Thomas McKean, and Matthew Thornton all signed on a later date.

http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/