Black Discrimination

Prejudice, harassment or violence towards African Americans can be considered black discrimination.
Opportunities given to someone other than an African American because of race can be considered black discrimination.
Segregation of African Americans due to racial background can be considered black discrimination.

African Americans are the most segregated group in U.S. society. There are many ways to measure segregation. Blacks are also highly overrepresented in city public housing developments. One concern about this problem has to do with health issues. The infant mortality rate for blacks in America is one of the highest in the world, higher than any industrialized country, and higher even than some third world countries. Black children in the 1-4 age range have mortality rates twice that of white children. Black teenagers have mortality rates 10 times that of whites, and homicide is a leading cause of death. Black adults have a mortality rate 30 to 40% more than whites.

http://www.suppressedhistories.net/articles/racism_history.html

Freedom of Expression

Right to express one's ideas and opinions freely through speech, writing, and other forms of communication but without deliberately causing harm to others' character and/or reputation by false or misleading statements.

Freedom of speech is the concept of being able to speak freely without censorship. The right to freedom of speech is guaranteed under international law through numerous human rights instruments, notably under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights

http://www.derechos.org/human-rights/speech/

Article of Confederation 1-4

The Article of Confederations is a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states; it provided a legal symbol of their union by giving the central government no coercive power over the states or their citizens

Article I.The Stile of this confederacy shall be "The United States of America."


Article II.Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.


Article III.The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever.

Article IV. If any Person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, — or other high misdemeanor in any state, shall flee from Justice, and be found in any of the united states, he shall, upon demand of the Governor or executive power, of the state from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the state having jurisdiction of his offence.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation

Liberalism

Liberalism is a political philosophy that change is for the better, especially rational change toward rational ends, like the perfectibility of human nature and society. Liberalism is egalitarian both to people and to ideas. Evil is seen as arising out of ignorance and lack of information. Libertarianism is a philosophy of limited government and individualism which emphasizes if a thing is not harmful to another, then no authority should restrict it. Libertarian philosophy holds that it is not the business of anyone to tell another what they should believe or not believe. Both philosophies are behind the notion of a free marketplace of ideas.
The libertarian theory of the press is that information is knowledge, and knowledge is power. It enables people to realize their potential, and since news is about people making the news, the press reminds us that society has not grown to an entity of greater importance than the people comprising it. Whether or not we regard free press as a natural or inalienable right depends upon how much we assume that people desire to know the truth, and will be set free by it.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism

Right to a fair trial

This allows people to challenge decisions taken by a public authority whose procedures fail to satisfy Article 6. However, the whole process needs to be considered. If the original decision is taken by a public authority whose procedures do not satisfy Article 6, the requirement may nevertheless be met if that decision can be reviewed (in the form of an appeal on both facts and law) by a court or tribunal that does satisfy Article 6. If the conditions of Article 6 are met by the original decision, it is not necessary to provide for an appeal. But if they are not met by the original decision then an appeal process that does meet those conditions may be necessary to ensure that the whole process (taking into account the appeals processes) is compliant. The right to a court or tribunal is not absolute, but restrictions on it must not impair the essence of the right. For example, the system should not be set up in such a way as to prevent access to a court or tribunal, by creating inadequate time limits or not providing for the giving of notice of decisions. However, the European Court of Human Rights has accepted that some people can be restricted from bringing cases, ie prisoners, litigants who keep bringing cases without merit, bankrupts, minors, people who are not within a time-limit or limitation period for bringing a case and other people where there is a legitimate interest in restricting their rights of access to a court, provided that the limitation is not more restrictive than necessary.Access to a court might include access to the financial means to bring a case to court. Article 6 does not give an absolute right to legal aid in all civil cases where the person concerned cannot afford to bring proceedings. Legal aid in civil cases is only required by Article 6 where either the person cannot present the case themselves due to the complexity of the court proceedings and the law or where legal representation is compulsory. The right to a public hearing protects against the administration of justice in secret and without public scrutiny. It is possible in certain cases to dispense with an oral hearing (where the subject matter is of a particularly technical nature for example). It is also possible to exclude the public from the hearing (though not the judgement) where this can be justified. Judgement shall be pronounced publicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interests of public morals.

http://www.abanet.org/rol/publications/azerbaijan-handbook-right-fair-trial.pdf

important events of the Declaration of Indepence

June 7 - Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution urging Congress to declare independence from Great Britain.
June 11 - Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston were appointed to a committee to draft a declaration of independence.
June 28 - A fair copy of the committee draft of the Declaration of Independence was read in Congress.
July 1-4 - Congress debated and revised the Declaration of Independence.
July 2 - Congress declared independence by adopting the Lee Resolution.
July 4 - Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
July 19 - Congress ordered the Declaration of Independence engrossed (officially inscribed) and signed by members.
August 2 - The engrossed copy of the Declaration of Independence was signed by most of the delegates. Elbridge Gerry, Oliver Wolcott, Lewis Morris, Thomas McKean, and Matthew Thornton all signed on a later date.

http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/

The 8th Amendment

The 8th Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights, which forbids excessive bail or fines also cruel and unusual punishment. A judge cannot charge a person a high unusual amount of money for bail because he doesn't like him also punishment must fit the crime. For example if a person is caught steal a loaf of bread to feed his own family because they lack any kind of money, he or she cannot face death penalty. Another example is if someone is found guilty of stealing the court cannot cut your hands of or make you stand nude infront of everyone. The punishment must fit the crime.

As for bail, that depends on the crime situation. Bail is a sum of money given to the court as a declaration that the person beign accused will return to trial, if that someone refuses to show up on trial day then he or she looses their bail. The most seriousness of the crime the higher the bail amount will come about.

Such punishment of death penalty are those who are guilty of crimes such as capital crimes or capital offenses. Capital crimes is gross violation of human law and capital offense is breaking laws and commiting such a serious crime. Bothe capital crime and capital offense relate to each other.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment

civil rights movement

Civil right are the protection and priveleges of personal power given to all citizens by law. Civil rights are characterized by human rights or natural rights. In the 1950s and 1960s a movement was created called the American Civil Rights movement. This movement was a struggle for equal rights for African-Americans. African Americans suffered from racial segregation and second class citizenship. During the 20th century western societies tried to remove discrimination such as race, gender and disabilities begining with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Blacks were not allowed to use the same restrooms as the whites, were not allowed to sit in the front of the buses because they were reserved for the whites and they were not allowed any voting rights.

Some strageties against African-Americans was the NAACP which was National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. This was an Organization to work on the behalf of the rights of African Americans.

During this time there was a court case that occured, this was called Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. This case was mainly about giving African Americans equal educational rights. It establish separate but equal public school educations between whites and blacks. The out come of this court case came about because of a court case that occured before in 1896 which was called Plessy v. Ferguson which was to assign racial segregated public schools.




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights

Freedom of Speech

The purpose of freedom of speech is having the ability to speak freely without being stopped. Identifying your individuality. The ability of Freedom of speech shes hows the existence of democracy and respect of human dignity. Human are able to express their different ideas, desires and feelings. Freedom of speech may seem harmful for many because lots of people wouldnt agree with what the other person might say and conflict and chaos will emerge. Each person should be able to say and think whatever he or she pleases even if you do not wish to convince many others.

The first amendment is the freedom of speech, assembly, religion, the press and to petition the government which means congress cannot pass any kind of law to stop people from going on strikes, having their own belief in religions and freedom to publish information as they wish without being sentenced to anything. Freedom of speech promotes a marketplace of ideas. Freedom of speech is cricial in any democracy. Democracy is a government for the people by the people. We are able to vote on our president and candidates.

http://www.bessel.org/freespch.htm

bill of rights

I. Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion and Petition
This amendment respects indivual belifs in religion, allows people to speak as they please, the right to make requests on what they wish to change or what they feel they need.

II. Right to keep and bear arms

Americans depend on Militias of gun-owning citizens not on armies.

III. Conditions for quarters of soldiers

Citizens are not forced to give up any room for the soldiers.

IV. Right of search and seizure regulated
The police can't arrest you unless they have a good reason to suspect that you have broken the law. They cannot neither search your home without permission.

V. Provisons concerning prosecution
No one can be tried for a crime unless accused of it, no one can be forced to testify against themselves, no one can be tried more than once on the same crime

VI. Right to a speedy trial, witnesses, etc.

Everyone must be allowed a lawyer even if they cannot afford one, the government must provide for the poor who cannot get one.

VII. Right to a trial by jury
The person accused of being involved in a crime can choose whether they want the jury or the judge to make the final decisions.

VIII. Excessive bail, cruel punishment
A judge cannot just charge a person an outrageous amount of money for bail because he doesn't like him or because he doesn't like a member of his family, also punishment must fit the crime.

IX. Rule of construction of Constitution
Just because a humans right was not mentioned in the first 10 Amendments does not mean that people do not have them.

X. Rights of the States under Constitution
If the Constitution does not say that the government of our country has the power to do something then the power goes to the people.


http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/wwww/us/billofrightsdef.htm

the meaning of human rights

Human rights pertains to "the basic rights and freedom that each individual must have". This includes the right to life, liberty and freedom of each thought and their way in expressing themselves, also equality amongst all individuals.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights." which means that each person must be worthiness equally within each other and should be able to have equal rights.

The term human rights came from the idea of "natural rights". Natural rights, in particular, are the rights of the individual, and considered beyond the authority of a future government or international body to dismiss.

The legal and moral rights of humans recognized by national and international laws. Rights that belong to an individual as a consequence of being human. Human right consist of the bill of rights, which is made up of the first ten ammendments


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights#Human_rights_violations

womens rights

Throughout history women's main roles was to become a wife, housekeeper and mother, and teach their little girls to follow by their traditions. Womens jobs were cooking, sewing, needle stitch and things that was related to the home. Many womens were not educated when it came it literature or mathematics or things of that category. They volenteered their time to help the less fortunate which were the poor. At that time that was when the welfare system was introduced. The welfare system was a program to financially help and/or aid those in need such as the poor.

Some women's were not happy with how they were being differentiate between men. They felt they were capable of doing just as much as men could if they were given the chance to prove it and that when women's began to find their voice and speak for themselves. The women's suffrage then became about which was known to establish equal right for women such as education, the right to vote and property.

In 1893 New Zealand were the first to give women full rights to vote. With that many other countries gave women rights to vote and by the 20th century all countries had full voting rights for womens.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women